The full ingredient panel, dose by dose.

Deficiency has been found in a majority of patients across several chronic pain cohorts. Research links low vitamin D to central pain hypersensitivity specifically, though findings are more consistent for some pain phenotypes than others. Dosed within the clinical target range of 1,000–4,000 IU.

K2's job is downstream of D3: it activates proteins that direct calcium toward bone rather than soft tissue. Included as a functional pair with D3, within a clinical target range of 90–180mcg.

Directly involved in nerve function and homocysteine clearance. We use the pre-converted "active" methylcobalamin form because a meaningful share of people process standard synthetic B12 less efficiently.

Supports methylation and neurologic health. Like B12, we use the active 5-MTHF form rather than synthetic folic acid, within a clinical target range of 400–800mcg.

Supports neurotransmitter production. Dosed conservatively at the lower end of the 10–25mg clinical target range, since B6 has a narrower safety margin at high, sustained doses than most B-vitamins.

A fat-soluble B1 derivative with the most direct randomized-trial support of any B-vitamin here: a placebo-controlled trial in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (BENDIP) found measurable improvement in neuropathy symptom scores.

CoQ10 sits at the center of mitochondrial energy production. Fibromyalgia research has repeatedly documented lower CoQ10 levels and impaired mitochondrial function in affected patients; small placebo-controlled trials supplementing CoQ10 report reductions in pain and fatigue.

Earlier trials — especially with intravenous dosing — reported meaningful reductions in diabetic neuropathy symptom scores. A 2024 Cochrane review of longer oral trials, however, found little to no measurable effect on neuropathy symptoms at six months. We're upfront that long-term oral evidence is genuinely mixed.

Shuttles fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. Most supporting research studies it in combination with other mitochondrial nutrients rather than on its own — we treat it as part of a broader mitochondrial-support strategy.

One of the most potent naturally occurring antioxidants identified to date. Inclusion draws primarily on general antioxidant and exercise-recovery research rather than large chronic-pain-specific trials.

Antioxidant support and collagen synthesis. Dosed at the lower end of the 250–1,000mg clinical target range to complement the formula's other antioxidants without excessive total load.

Supports core antioxidant enzyme systems and normal immune and tissue-repair function. Zinc is paired deliberately with copper, since sustained high-dose zinc alone can drive down copper status over time.

One of the better-studied natural compounds for osteoarthritis-related pain. Multiple meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials — mostly in knee osteoarthritis — have found curcumin extracts measurably reduce pain scores and improve function versus placebo. Dosed conservatively relative to some trial doses (500–1,000mg); pairs with the formula's other anti-inflammatory actives.

A fatty compound the body already produces to help regulate inflammation and nerve signaling. Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses of double-blind trials — spanning neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain — have found PEA reduces pain intensity versus placebo, generally with good tolerability.

A proprietary joint-comfort blend specific to Pain Science Solutions. Because the exact composition and supporting research sit with the ingredient supplier rather than public literature we can independently verify, we'd recommend pulling the formal research summary directly from that supplier before publishing specific claims here.